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from "Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"
Linux Installation Primer: X Configuration
By Ron Jenkins
Copyright ® 1998 by Ron Jenkins. This work is provided on an "as is" basis.
The author provides no warranty whatsoever, either
express or implied, regarding the work, including warranties with respect to
its merchantability or fitness for any particular
purpose.
The author welcomes corrections and suggestions. He can be reached by
electronic mail at rjenkins@unicom.net.
Part Two: X configuration
Welcome to the second installment of the series. In this installment, you
will configure your X server, choose a Window Manager
(WM,) and learn a few things about how the X system works. Don't worry, it's
not as hard as you've heard, and can even be a
great deal of fun, so LET'S GET GRAPHICAL!
In this installment, I will cover the following topics:
1.A brief introduction to the X windowing system
2.Supported Hardware
3.Unsupported Hardware
4.Gathering Information about your hardware
5.Safety concerns and precautions
6.Starting the configuration program
7.Configuration of the mouse under X
8.Configuration of your video card
9.Configuration of your monitor
10.Testing your configuration
11.Customization tips and tricks
12.Troubleshooting your configuration
13.Resources for further information
While the steps needed to configure the X system are fairly standardized, due
to some differences and peculiarities between the
Slackware 3.5 and RedHat 5.1 versions of Linux, where necessary, I will
distinguish between the steps to be taken to accomplish
a given task on each distribution.
A brief introduction to the X windowing system
This document will cover the configuration of the X windowing system, XFree86
version 3.3.2-2. This is the version that ships with
both RedHat 5.1 and Slackware 3.5. If you are using a different version of
XFree86, your mileage may vary, although many of the
steps will remain the same.
Unlike Windows based systems, the X windowing system is composed primarily of
two separate and distinct components, the X
Server, and the Window Manager.
The X Server is the interface between the hardware and the Window Manager.
This is somewhat analogous, although not entirely,
to the "video driver" in Windows. In addition to servicing hardware requests,
it also performs several other important functions,
such as managing all X connections to the machine, both local and remote.
One of the advantages of a Unix or Linux system is the fact that it was built
from the ground up to be a multi-user system.
This gives a Unix or Linux system the ability to service, or "host" many
users, both locally through the use of TTY connections or
virtual terminals, or remotely through socket based communication using a
variety of protocols.
For an overview of the concept of remote X sessions, see my article in the
September Issue of the Linux Gazette.
It is important to note that the aforementioned X Server, as well as most of
the functions it performs, occur in the background, and
are functionally transparent to the end user. In short, it's a busy little
beaver!
The second component of the X windowing system is the Window Manager. This is
the element of the X system that comprises
the portion of the Graphical User Interface that you interact with. The
Window Manager is responsible for the look and feel of
your desktop; as well the front-end interface to the commands and programs
you run.
There are many Window Managers available for Linux, and each person will have
their favorite. It will be up to you to decide
which one best fits your needs and preferences.
Since both distributions default to FVWM95, I will confine myself to this
Window Manager for the purposes of this introductory
document. For further information on some of the many other Window Managers
available, consult the resources section.
Supported Hardware
Video Cards:
(The following information is excerpted from the Xfree86 3.3.2
documentation.) This documentation can be found in
/var/X11R6/lib/docs/README.
At this time, XFree86 3.3.2 supports the following chipsets:
Ark Logic
ARK1000PV, ARK1000VL, ARK2000PV, ARK2000MT
Alliance
AP6422, AT24
ATI
18800, 18800-1, 28800-2, 28800-4, 28800-5, 28800-6, 68800-3, 68800-6,
68800AX, 68800LX, 88800GX-C, 88800GX-D,
88800GX-E, 88800GX-F, 88800CX, 264CT, 264ET, 264VT, 264GT, 264VT-B, 264VT3,
264GT-B, 264GT3 (this list includes the
Mach8, Mach32, Mach64, 3D Rage, 3D Rage II and 3D Rage Pro)
Avance Logic
ALG2101, ALG2228, ALG2301, ALG2302, ALG2308, ALG2401
Chips & Technologies
65520, 65530, 65540, 65545, 65520, 65530, 65540, 65545, 65546, 65548, 65550,
65554, 65555, 68554, 64200, 64300
Cirrus Logic
CLGD5420, CLGD5422, CLGD5424, CLGD5426, CLGD5428, CLGD5429, CLGD5430,
CLGD5434, CLGD5436, CLGD5440,
CLGD5446, CLGD5462, CLGD5464, CLGD5465, CLGD5480, CLGD6205, CLGD6215,
CLGD6225, CLGD6235, CLGD6410,
CLGD6412, CLGD6420, CLGD6440, CLGD7541(*), CLGD7543(*), CLGD7548(*),
CLGD7555(*)
Digital Equipment Corporation
TGA
Compaq
AVGA
Genoa
GVGA
IBM
8514/A (and true clones), XGA-2
IIT
AGX-014, AGX-015, AGX-016
Matrox
MGA2064W (Millennium), MGA1064SG (Mystique and Mystique 220), MGA2164W
(Millennium II PCI and AGP)
MX
MX68000(*), MX680010(*)
NCR
77C22(*), 77C22E(*), 77C22E+(*)
Number Nine
I128 (series I and II), Revolution 3D (T2R)
NVidia/SGS Thomson
NV1, STG2000, RIVA128
OAK
OTI067, OTI077, OTI087
RealTek
RTG3106(*)
S3
86C911, 86C924, 86C801, 86C805, 86C805i, 86C928, 86C864, 86C964, 86C732,
86C764, 86C765, 86C767, 86C775, 86C785,
86C868, 86C968, 86C325, 86C357, 86C375, 86C375, 86C385, 86C988, 86CM65,
86C260
SiS
86C201, 86C202, 86C205
Tseng
ET3000, ET4000AX, ET4000/W32, ET4000/W32i, ET4000/W32p, ET6000, ET6100
Trident
TVGA8800CS, TVGA8900B, TVGA8900C, TVGA8900CL, TVGA9000, TVGA9000i, TVGA9100B,
TVGA9200CXR,
Cyber9320(*), TVGA9400CXi, TVGA9420, TGUI9420DGi, TGUI9430DGi, TGUI9440AGi,
TGUI9660XGi, TGUI9680, Pro-
Vidia 9682, ProVidia 9685(*), Cyber 9382, Cyber 9385, Cyber 9388,
3DImage975(PCI), 3DImage985(AGP), Cyber 9397, Cyber
9520
Video 7/Headland Technologies
HT216-32(*)
Weitek
P9000
Western Digital/Paradise
PVGA1
Western Digital
WD90C00, WD90C10, WD90C11, WD90C24, WD90C24A, WD90C30, WD90C31, WD90C33
(*) Note, chips marked in this way have either limited support or the drivers
for them are not actively maintained.
All of the above are supported in both 256 color, and some are supported in
mono and 16-color modes, and some are supported an
higher color depths.
Refer to the chipset-specific README files (currently for TGA, Matrox,
Mach32, Mach64, NVidia, Oak, P9000, S3 (except
ViRGE), S3 ViRGE, SiS, Video7, Western Digital, Tseng (W32), Tseng (all),
AGX/XGA, ARK, ATI (SVGA server), Chips and
Technologies, Cirrus, Trident) for more information about using those
chipsets.
The monochrome server also supports generic VGA cards, using 64k of video
mem- ory in a single bank, the Hercules
monochrome card, the Hyundai HGC1280, Sigma LaserView, Visa and Apollo
monochrome cards.
The VGA16 server supports memory banking with the ET4000, Trident, ATI, NCR,
OAK and Cirrus 6420 chipsets allowing
virtual display sizes up to about 1600x1200 (with 1MB of video memory). For
other chipsets the display size is limited to
approximately 800x600.
Notes: The Diamond SpeedStar 24 (and possibly some SpeedStar+) boards are NOT
supported, even though they use the
ET4000.
The Weitek 9100 and 9130 chipsets are not supported (these are used on the
Dia- mond Viper Pro and Viper SE boards). Most
other Diamond boards will work with this release of XFree86. Diamond is
actively supporting The XFree86 Project, Inc.
3DLabs GLINT, Permedia and Permedia 2 support could unfortunately not be
included in XFree86 3.3.2 since there are open
issues regarding the documentation and whether or not they were provided to
us under NDA.
(End excerpt from Xfree86 documentation.)
Monitors:
Hypothetically, any monitor you have the documentation for, that is capable
of at least VGA or SVGA resolution, SHOULD be
compatible. However, the following monitors are explicitly supported:
Slackware 3.5:
Standard VGA, 640x480 @ 60Hz Super VGA, 800x600 @ 56Hz
8514 Compatible, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced (no 800x600)
Super VGA, 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 800x600 @ 56 Hz
Extended Super VGA, 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 640x480 @ 72Hz
Non-Interlaced SVGA 1024x768 @ 60 Hz, 800x600 @ 72 Hz
High Frequency SVGA, 1024x768 @ 70 Hz
Multi-Frequency that can do 1280x1024 @ 60 Hz
Multi-Frequency that can do 1280x1024 @ 74 Hz
Multi-Frequency that can do 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz
NOTE: There is also an option to explicitly specify the Horizontal and
Vertical Sync rates for your monitor if you have them
available.
Red Hat 5.1:
Custom Mode (see above description for information about standard modes, as
well as suggestions for
acquiring information for your monitor if the documentation is not available.
Acer Acerview 11D, 33D/33DL, 34T/34TL
AOC-15
Apollo 1280x1024 @ 68Hz
Apollo 1280x1024 @ 70Hz
Axion CL-1566
CTX-1561
Chuntex CTX CPS-1560/LR
Compudyne KD-1500N
CrystalScan 1572FS
DEC PCXBV-KA/KB
Dell VS17
EIZO FlexScan 9080i, T660
ELSA GDM-17E40
ESCOM MONO-LCD-screen
Gateway 2000 CrystalScan 1776LE
Generic Monitor
Generic Multisync
HP 1280x1024 @ 72Hz
Highscreen LE 1024
Hitachi SuperScan 20S
Hyundai DeluxScan 14S, 15B, 15G, 15G+, 15 Pro, 17MB/17MS, 17B, 17B+, 17 Pro,
hcm-421E
IBM 8507
IDEK Vision Master
Impression 7 Plus 7728D
Lite-On CM1414E
MAG DJ717, DX1495, DX1595, DX1795, Impression 17, MX15F
MegaImage 17
NEC MultiSync 2V, 3D, 3V, 3FGe, 3FGx, 4D, 4FG, 4FGe, 5FG, 5FGe, 5FGp, 6FG,
6FGp,
A500, A700, C400, C500, E500, E700, E1100, M500, M700, P750, P1150, XE15,
XE17,
XE21, XP15, XP17, XP21, XV14, XV15, XV17, XV15+, XV17+
Nanao F340i-W, F550i, F550i-W
Nokia 445X, 447B
Optiquest Q41, Q51, Q53, Q71, Q100, V641, V655, V773, V775, V95, V115, V115T
Philips 7BM749, 1764DC
Princeton Graphics Systems Ultra 17
Quantex TE1564M Super View 1280
Relisys RE1564
Sampo alphascan-17
Samsung SyncMaster 15GLe, 15GLi, 15M, 17GLi, 17GLsi, 3, 3Ne, 500b/500Mb,
500s/500Ms,
500p/500Mp, 700b/700Mb, 700p/700Mp, 700s/700Ms
Samtron SC-428PS/PSL, SC-428PT/PTL, 5E/5ME, 5B/5MB, SC-528TXL, SC-528UXL, SC-
MDL, 7E/7ME/7B/7MB, SC-728FXL, SC-726GXL
Sony CPD-1430, CPD-15SX, CPD-100SF, CPD-200SF, CPD-300SF, CPD-100VS, CPD-
120VS, CPD-220VS
Sony Multiscan 100sf, 100sx, 200sf, 200sx, 15sf, 15sfII, 17se, 17seII
TARGA TM 1710 D
Tatung CM14UHE, CM14UHR, CMUHS
TAXAN 875
Unisys-19
ViewSonic 15ES, 15GA, 15GS, 17, 17PS, 17GA, 5e, 6, 7, E641, E655, EA771,
G653, G771, G773,
GT770, GT775, P775, PT770, PT775, P810, P815, PT813, VP140
Mice (listed in order of appearance in the selection list, horizontally, from
left to right.)
Microsoft Standard mouse
MouseSystems
MMSeries
Logitech
MouseMan
MMHitTab
GlidePoint
Intellimouse
ThinkingMouse
BusMouse
PS/2
Auto
IMPS/2
ThinkingMousePS/2
MouseManPS/2
GlidePointPS/2
NetMousePS/2
NetScrollPS/2
Unsupported Hardware
If X does not directly support your video card and/or monitor, all may not be
lost. Try choosing one of the "generic" cards and
monitors that most closely resembles your hardware. The SVGA server is a good
place to start if you have an unsupported card.
Another possible option is the VGA16 server. Almost any card will run (at
reduced performance) with one of these two servers.
Another possible option is to consider purchasing a "commercial" X server.
Two possible choices are:
MetroX http://www.metrolink.com/
XInside http://www.xinside.com/
These commercial servers often support a wider range of cards and monitors,
due to the willingness of the developer of the X
server software to abide by Non Disclosure Agreements required by some card
manufacturers. In plain English, some card
manufacturers refuse to work with the open source community. Something to
consider the next time you get ready to purchase a
video card.
Likewise, the generic VGA or SVGA monitors will usually at least get you up
and running. However, as I have mentioned
previously, DO NOT EXCEED THE CAPABILTIES OF YOUR CARD OR MONITOR! Otherwise,
you may initiate what is
called in the electronics world "a smoke test." This is a bad thing, and
makes your house smell, as well as setting off your smoke
detector.
Gathering Information about your hardware
It is imperative that you know as much as you can about your video card and
monitor. (You did keep those manuals and
documentation didn't you?)
If you do not have the documentation available, check the various docs in the
/var/X11R6/lib/docs area, or search the Internet.
Another possible option is to go directly to the manufacturer's website if
available, and acquire the specifications there. A final
option on some monitors, the synch rates is sometimes listed on the back
along with the model number and other information.
Make sure, if at all possible, that your card and monitor are on the
supported hardware list. This will save you a lot of grief and
give you the best chance of success, as well as enabling you to take full
advantage of the accelerated features of your video card.
At a bare minimum, you should have the following information available:
Manufacturer, make and model of your video card: e.g.
Matrox Millenium Amount of RAM resident on the video card: e.g. 8MB
Manufacturer, make and model of your monitor: e.g. Viewsonic 15E Horizontal
synch rate of your monitor: e.g. 31.5-82.0 Vertical
synch rate of your monitor: e.g. 40-100
A special note on mice: If at all possible, try to get a three-button mouse.
X uses the middle button for some special functions.
While it is possible to configure a two-button mouse to behave as a
three-button mouse using an emulator that requires you to
depress both buttons simultaneously to emulate the middle button, this
feature is flaky at best on many mice and sometimes hard to
master.
Note for PS/2 mice users: It has been reported that some users experience
problems with the behavior of a PS/2 mouse under X.
This is almost always due to the fact that the general-purpose mouse (gpm)
program is being loaded at boot time, and for some
reason, freaks out X.
Some have suggested adding a variety of switches or other parameters to the
start up file that are purported to correct this
problem. However, I have had limited success with these methods. Sometimes
they will correct the problem, other times they will
not.
What does work all the time is to comment out the start up of gpm at boot
time.
On a Slackware machine, cd to /etc/rc.d/rc.local and place a pound sign (#)
in front of the lines that look similar to the following:
# echo starting gpm
# gpm /dev/mouse
Should you find the need to use gpm while in text mode, simply type gpm
<return> and start it manually.
On a RedHat machine, from the command prompt, simply type setup <return>
You will be presented with a dialog box prompting you to select a
configuration tool. Select ntsysv then
tab to the run button and press return.
Scroll down the dialog box until you see an entry for gpm. Highlight this
entry and depress the spacebar to remove the asterix (*),
then exit.
Safety concerns and precautions
Although the X windowing system offers infinite flexibility and
configurability, it is very picky about what hardware it will and will
not run on.
Just as Unix or Linux will not run on marginal hardware that may work with
Windows, it may or may not run on marginal or
clone-type video cards and monitors.
While it is possible to "hand tune" X to work with just about any video card
and monitor, to do so is NOT RECOMMENDED.
Diddling around with your clock settings, choosing a card or monitor
"similar" to your equipment, or just picking horizontal and
vertical synch rates at random can damage or destroy your video card or
monitor. DON'T DO IT!
The optimal configuration, and the only one I can recommend, is to make sure
your video card and monitor are explicitly listed and
supported by X before trying to configure and run it. While I do offer some
suggestions for people with unsupported hardware,
there is no guarantee these suggestions will work, nor do I offer any
assurance that they won't damage your equipment. Proceed
at your own risk.
Starting the configuration program
Before you can actually use X, you must generate a configuration file that
tells X about your video card, monitor, mouse, and some
default preference information required to initialize the X environment and
get it up and running. All of the following configuration
steps will need to be done as root initially, then if necessary, you can
create your own unique X configuration for each of your
respective users.
The method and program used to accomplish this task will depend on which
flavor of Linux you are using.
NOTE: The instructions listed below assume you are using Xfree86 3.3.2-2. If
you are using one of the commercial X servers,
such as MetroX or XInside, your configuration methods may be different.
Please consult the documentation that comes with your
commercial product.
Slackware 3.5:
The X configuration program for Slackware 3.5 is called XF86Setup. To start
the program, at the command prompt, simply type:
XF86Setup <return>
You will be presented with a dialog box prompting you to switch to graphics
mode. Select OK.
After a moment, you will enter the XF86Setup screen. Along the top of the
screen will be a series of buttons to configure the
various components of the X windowing system. They will appear in a
horizontal row in the following order:
Mouse Keyboard Card Monitor Modeselection Other
RedHat 5.1:
The X configuration program for RedHat Linux is called Xconfigurator. To
start the program, at the command prompt, simply
type:
Xconfigurator <return>
Press return to get past the welcome screen, then skip to the video card
section.
Configuration of the mouse under X
Slackware 3.5:
This should already have been taken care of during installation. If you have
something other than a three-button mouse, be sure to
select the Emulate3Buttons option for maximum functionality under X.
The next option, Keyboard, should be already configured properly. Under
normal circumstances, no adjustments should be
required here.
RedHat 5.1:
This should already have been taken care of for you during installation. If
not, break out of the Xconfigurator and run mouseconfig,
then start over.
Configuration of your video card
Slackware 3.5:
Select the card option from the menu at the top of your screen. Scroll down
and select the appropriate video card for your system.
If necessary, you may also need to select the Detailed setup button to
configure Chipset, RamDac, ClockChip, Device options, and
the amount of video RAM on your card. Usually these options will be probed
automatically. I only mention this so you can "tweak"
the card if you are feeling brave.
RedHat 5.1:
The setup program will now autoprobe for your type and model of video card.
On the plus side, this can simplify things, IF it
properly identifies your card. On the minus side, if it does not, it does not
offer you an alternative to manually choose the card. If
your card is not properly identified, see the unsupported card section for
some general suggestions on some things to try.
Configuration of your monitor
Slackware 3.5:
If you have the documentation available, you may enter the Horizontal and
Vertical Synch rates manually in the input boxes, or
alternately, you may choose one of the preset configurations in the scroll
box.
It is almost always safe to choose either the Standard VGA or Super VGA
option to start, then work up to the specific settings
and color resolution you desire (subject to the limitations of your
hardware.)
Lastly, select the Modeselection option, and choose your desired screen
resolution and color depth. To begin with, less is better.
Start with 640x480 @ 8bpp to start, then work your way up.
When you are finished with your configuration, select done from the bottom of
the screen, and the setup program will attempt to
start X with the configuration you have selected. If all goes well, you will
be prompted to write the configuration to your
XF86Config file and exit. If you have any problems, you will be prompted to
try again until you have your configuration setup
properly.
RedHat 5.1:
At the Monitor Setup dialog screen, scroll down and choose the appropriate
monitor. If your monitor is not listed, choose generic
or custom. If you choose custom, have your vertical sync rate and amount of
video RAM handy, you will need them.
You will be presented with a dialog box that contains the same monitor
choices listed in the Slackware section. After choosing a
monitor, you will be prompted to select your vertical sync rate. Finally, you
will be asked to specify the amount of video RAM
present on your card.
After exiting the Xconfigurator program, you are ready to test your new
configuration
Testing your configuration
At the command prompt, simply type startx. If all went well, you should
shortly be on your way. If for any reason X fails to start
up, go back and run your configuration program again, double-checking that
you have all the proper settings.
Customization tips and tricks
By default, both Slackware and RedHat install the FVWN95 Window Manager, a
Windows 95 look-alike. This is probably a good
start for users transitioning from a Windows based environment, as it will be
the most familiar to you.
Since X is infinitely configurable, and also stunningly cryptic at times, an
in depth discussion of all the configuration options
available under X is beyond the scope of this document. However, what follows
are a few things you may be interested in.
A few words about the X desktop:
1.X allows the use of something called a virtual desktop, which is simply
a fancy way of saying you can have a virtual
desktop resolution that is larger than the actual resolution you have
set your monitor to. As an example, say you have your
card resolution to 1024x768 @ 32 bit color. X allows you to set your
virtual desktop to 1280x1024, which some people love,
and some peop>
Transfer interrupted!
behavior, locate your XF86Config file, scroll down to the Screen
sections, and look for a line similar to the following: Virtual
1280 1024. To disable the virtual screen, change this entry to the
default screen resolution you have chosen, 1024 768 in this
example. Similarly, to enable it, simply change to the next higher
resolution, 1280 1024 in this example.
2.FVWN95, as well as the other popular Window Managers, offer a variety of
configuration options. Experiment with them
until you find the one you like best.
3.Finally, depending on your distribution, you may or may not have other
Window Managers available to you. Experiment with
the different ones available on your system until you find the one you
like best. My personal favorite is Afterstep, but you
may find you can't live without one of the others. Choose the one you
like best. Under FVWM95 on a Slackware box,
choose Exit Fvwm95 from the Start menu, then choose the Window Manager
you want to use from the drop down box
accessed by moving your mouse to the right edge of the menu option,
highlighting the arrow (>) that resides there. On a
RedHat box, from the Start menu, choose Preferences/WM Style to change
to a different Window Manager.
Stupid X Tricks:
1.To start an X session, simply type startx at the command prompt.
2.If you have configured your X server for more than one screen
resolution, say 640x480, 800x600, and 1024x768, and you
want to switch between the different resolutions, simply depress
Cntrl+Alt+(either the plus (+) sign, or the minus (-) sign to
switch to a higher or lower resolution, respectively. Why would you want
to do this? I often do a great deal of Web Design
on my machine, and being able to quickly see what a given page will look
like at different resolutions is quite handy.
3.To terminate an X session, you can either exit the session using the
appropriate menu selection for your respective Window
Manager, or you may depress Cntrl+Alt+Backspace.
4.You may also set up your personal user accounts (you're not always
working as root are you?) by setting up an .xinitrc file
in your home directory, if needed. Usually, this is only necessary on a
Slackware box. On a RedHat box, I believe this is
taken care of for you. Check the documentation.
Troubleshooting your configuration
Basically, there are only a few things that can go wrong with your X
installation. Either the X server will refuse to start at all, the
X server will start but you get a blank screen, or the X server will start,
but for one reason or another, the screen will be
improperly sized, flickering, or unreadable.
If the X server refuses to start at all, pay close attention to the error
messages that appear while the server errors out. Most
frequently, this is an improperly configured monitor or card that causes the
server to die. Check your configuration.
If the X server starts, but the screen exhibits an improper size, or
excessive flickering, you probably need to adjust your horizontal
or vertical sync rates.
If the screen appears to be unreadable, due to excessive lines or smearing of
the pixels, check your card and monitor
configurations.
Simply put, most problems can be traced back to an improper configuration of
the card, the monitor, or both. This is why I strongly
recommend making sure your hardware be explicitly supported, or using one of
the "generic" configurations to start with.
Beyond this, check the documentation for specific card set problems, specific
monitor problems, and other general troubleshooting
procedures.
Another possible option is to troll the newsgroups for a similar problem, or
post a brief description of the trouble you are having,
and hopefully, someone with a similar problem they have solved before will
get back to you.
If all else fails, drop me e-mail and I'll be glad to try to help.
Resources for further information
Xfree86 Resources:
http://www.xfree86.org/
http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/
Window Managers:
http://www.gaijin.com/X/
http://www.afterstep.org/
http://www.pconline.com/~erc/xwm.htm
http://www.PliG.org/xwinman/
I had originally planned to include the configuration of your basic
networking setup into this installment as well, but as you can see,
this is a real porker as it is. So look for the networking stuff in part
three.
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